Конституция на английском языке
CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Passed by nation-wide voting of December 12, 1993, with the amendments approved by nation-wide voting on July 1, 2020
We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation,
united by a common fate in our land,
establishing human rights and freedoms, civil peace and accord,
preserving the historically established unity of the state,
proceeding from the universally recognised principles of equality and self-determination of peoples,
revering the memory of ancestors who have conveyed to us love and respect of the Fatherland, belief in good and justice,
reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the firmness of its democratic basis,
striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia,
proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before present and future generations,
recognising ourselves as part of the world community,
adopt the CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
Section One
Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
Article 1
1. The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal law-governed State with a republican form of government.
2. The names "Russian Federation" and "Russia" shall be equal.
Article 2
An individual, as well as rights and freedoms thereof, are the supreme value. The recognition, observance and protection of rights and freedoms of an individual and citizen shall be the State duty.
Article 3
1. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation shall be its multinational people.
2. The people shall exercise their power directly, and also through the bodies of state power and local self-government.
3. The supreme direct expression of the power of the people shall be referenda and free elections.
4. No one may usurp power in the Russian Federation. Seizure of power or usurping state authority shall be prosecuted by federal law.
Article 4
1. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation shall cover the whole of its territory.
2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws shall have supremacy in the whole territory of the Russian Federation.
3. The Russian Federation shall ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory.
Article 5
1. The Russian Federation consists of Republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, an autonomous region and autonomous areas - equal constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. A republic (State) shall have its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region, and autonomous area shall have its charter and legislation.
3. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state authority, the division of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation.
4. In relations with federal bodies of state authority all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall be equal.
Article 6
1. Citizenship of the Russian Federation shall be acquired and terminated according to federal law; it shall be one and equal, irrespective of the grounds of acquisition.
2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation shall enjoy in its territory all the rights and freedoms and bear equal duties provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived of his or her citizenship or of the right to change it.
Article 7
1. The Russian Federation is a social State whose policy is aimed at creating conditions for a worthy life and the unhindered development of man.
2. In the Russian Federation the labour and health of people shall be protected, guaranteed minimum wages and salaries shall be established, state support ensured for the family, maternity, paternity and childhood, for disabled persons and the elderly, a system of social services developed, state pensions, allowances and other social security guarantees shall be established.
Article 8
1. In the Russian Federation guarantees shall be provided for the integrity of the economic space, a free flow of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition, and the freedom of economic activity.
2. In the Russian Federation recognition and equal protection shall be given to private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership.
Article 9
1. Land and other natural resources shall be utilised and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of life and activity of the people living in the corresponding territories.
2. Land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership.
Article 10
State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised on the basis of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative, executive and judicial authorities shall be independent.
Article 11
1. State power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (the Council of the Federation and the State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.
2. State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the bodies of state authority created by them.
3. The division of authority and powers among the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall be effectuated by this Constitution, federal and other treaties on the delimitation of the authority and powers.
Article 12
In the Russian Federation local self-government shall be recognised and guaranteed. Local self-government shall be independent within the limits of its authority. The bodies of local self-government shall not be part of the system of state authorities.
Article 13
1. In the Russian Federation ideological diversity shall be recognised.
2. No state or obligatory ideology may be established as the only one.
3. In the Russian Federation political diversity and the multi-party system shall be recognised.
4. Public associations shall be equal before the law.
5. The creation and activities of public associations whose aims and actions are aimed at a forced change of the fundamental principles of the constitutional system and at violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, at undermining its security, at setting up armed units, and at instigating social, racial, national and religious strife shall be prohibited.
Article 14
1. The Russian Federation is a secular state. No state or obligatory religion may be established.
2. Religious associations shall be separate from the State and shall be equal before the law.
Article 15
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall have the supreme juridical force, direct application and shall be used on the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation shall not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. The bodies of state authority, bodies of local self-government, officials, private citizens and their associations shall be obliged to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws.
3. Laws shall be officially published. Unpublished laws shall not be used. Normative legal acts concerning human rights, freedoms and duties of man and citizen may not be used, if they are not officially published for general knowledge.
4. The universally-recognised norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation shall be a component part of its legal system. If an international treaty or agreement of the Russian Federation establishes other rules than those envisaged by law, the rules of the international agreement shall be applied.
Article 16
1. The provisions of the present chapter of the Constitution comprise the fundamental principles of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, and may not be changed otherwise than according to the rules provided for in this Constitution.
2. No other provision of the present Constitution may contradict the fundamental principles of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 2. Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen
Article 17
1. In the Russian Federation recognition and guarantees shall be provided for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen according to the universally recognised principles and norms of international law and according to the present Constitution.
2. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and shall be enjoyed by everyone from the day of birth.
3. The exercise of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen shall not violate the rights and freedoms of other people.
Article 18
The rights and freedoms of man and citizen shall operate directly. They determine the essence, meaning and implementation of laws, the activities of the legislative and executive authorities, local self-government and shall be ensured by the administration of justice.
Article 19
1. All people shall be equal before the law and courts.
2. The State shall guarantee the equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, religion, convictions, membership of public associations, and also of other circumstances. All forms of limitations of human rights on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds shall be banned.
3. Men and women shall enjoy equal rights and freedoms and have equal possibilities to exercise them.
Article 20
1. Everyone shall have the right to life.
2. Death penalty, until its complete abolition, may be envisaged by a federal law only as a penalty for especially grave crimes against life, and an accused person shall be granted the right to have the case considered by a jury.
Article 21
1. Human dignity shall be protected by the State. Nothing may serve as a basis for its derogation.
2. No one shall be subject to torture, violence or other cruel or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subject to medical, scientific and other experiments without voluntary consent.
Article 22
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom and personal immunity.
2. Arrest, detention and remanding in custody shall be allowed only by court decision. Without the court's decision a person may not be detained for a term of more than 48 hours.
Article 23
1. Everyone shall have the right to the inviolability of private life, personal and family secrets, the protection of one's honour and good name.
2. Everyone shall have the right to privacy of correspondence, of telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages. Limitations of this right shall be allowed only by court decision.
Article 24
1. The collection, keeping, use and dissemination of information about the private life of a person shall not be allowed without his or her consent.
2. The bodies of state authority and local self-government, their officials shall ensure for everyone the possibility of acquainting themselves with the documents and materials directly affecting his or her rights and freedoms, unless otherwise provided for by law.
Article 25
The home shall be inviolable. No one shall have the right to enter a home against the will of those living there, except for the cases provided for by a federal law or by court decision.
Article 26
1. Everyone shall have the right to determine and indicate his nationality. No one may be forced to determine and indicate his or her nationality.
2. Everyone shall have the right to use his or her native language, to a free choice of the language of communication, upbringing, education and creative work.
Article 27
1. Everyone who legally stays in the territory of the Russian Federation shall have the right to free travel, choice of place of stay or residence.
2. Everyone may freely leave the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to freely return to the Russian Federation.
Article 28
Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of conscience, the freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or together with others any religion or to profess no religion at all, to freely choose, possess and disseminate religious and other views and act according to them.
Article 29
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of ideas and speech.
2. Propaganda or agitation instigating social, racial, national or religious hatred and strife shall not be allowed. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic supremacy shall be banned.
3. No one may be forced to express his views and convictions or to reject them.
4. Everyone shall have the right to freely look for, receive, transmit, produce and distribute information by any legal means. The list of data comprising state secrets shall be determined by a federal law.
5. The freedom of mass communication shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be banned.
Article 30
1. Everyone shall have the right to association, including the right to create trade unions for the protection of his or her interests. The freedom of activity of public association shall be guaranteed.
2. No one may be compelled to join any association and remain in it.
Article 31
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, hold rallies, meetings and demonstrations, marches and pickets.
Article 32
1. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to participate in managing state affairs both directly and through their representatives.
2. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to elect and be elected to state bodies of power and local self-government bodies, and also to participate in referenda.
3. Citizens recognised by court as legally incapable, as well as citizens kept in places of confinement under a court sentence, shall be deprived of the right to elect and be elected.
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall enjoy equal access to state service.
5. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to participate in administering justice.
Article 33
Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to address personally, as well as to submit individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local self-government bodies.
Article 34
1. Everyone shall have the right to free use of his abilities and property for entrepreneurial and economic activities not prohibited by law.
2. Economic activity aimed at monopolisation and unfair competition shall not be allowed.
Article 35
1. The right of private property shall be protected by law.
2. Everyone shall have the right to have property, possess, use and dispose of it both personally and jointly with other people.
3. No one may be deprived of property otherwise than by a court decision. Forced confiscation of property for state needs may be carried out only with the condition that preliminary and complete compensation.
4. The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.
Article 36
1. Citizens and their associations shall have the right to possess land as private property.
2. Possession, utilization and disposal of land and other natural resources shall be exercised by the owners freely, if it is not detrimental to the environment and does not violate the rights and lawful interests of other people.
3. The terms and rules for the use of land shall be provided for in a federal law.
Article 37
1. Labour is free. Everyone shall have the right to freely use his labour capabilities, to choose the type of activity and profession.
2. Forced labour shall be prohibited.
3. Everyone shall have the right to labour conditions meeting the safety and hygiene requirements, to labour remuneration without any discrimination whatsoever and to wages and salaries not lower than the minimum provided for in federal law, as well as the right to protection against unemployment.
4. Recognition shall be given to the right to individual and collective labour disputes with the use of methods for their resolution provided for in federal laws, including the right to strike.
5. Everyone shall have the right to rest and leisure. Those working under labour contracts shall be guaranteed a fixed duration of working time, days off and holidays, and annual paid leave provided for in federal laws.
Article 38
1. Maternity and childhood, and the family shall be protected by the State.
2. Care for children and their upbringing shall be equally the right and obligation of parents.
3. Able-bodied children over 18 years of age shall take care of disabled parents.
Article 39
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed social security at the expense of the State in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of the bread-winner, for bringing up children and in other cases provided for in law.
2. State pensions and social allowances shall be provided for in law.
3. Promotion shall be given to voluntary social insurance and the creation of additional forms of social security and charity.
Article 40
1. Everyone shall have the right to a home. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her home.
2. The bodies of state authority and local self-government shall encourage housing construction and create conditions for exercising the right to a home.
3. Low-income people and other persons mentioned in the law and in need of a home shall receive it gratis or for reasonable payment from the state, municipal and other housing stocks according to the norms provided for in the law.
Article 41
1. Everyone shall have the right to health protection and medical aid. Medical aid in state and municipal health establishments shall be rendered to individuals gratis, at the expense of the corresponding budget, insurance contributions and other proceeds.
2. In the Russian Federation federal programmes for protecting and improving the health of the population shall be financed by the State; measures shall be adopted to develop state, municipal and private health services; activities shall be promoted which facilitate the improvement of health, the development of physical culture and sport, ecological and sanitary-epidemiological well-being.
3. The concealment by officials of facts and circumstances posing a threat to the life and health of people shall entail responsibility according to federal law.
Article 42
Everyone shall have the right to a favourable environment, reliable information about its state and to restitution for damage inflicted on his health and property by ecological transgressions.
Article 43
1. Everyone shall have the right to education.
2. Guarantees shall be provided for general access to and free pre-school, secondary and higher vocational education in state or municipal educational establishments and at enterprises.
3. Everyone shall have the right to receive on a competitive basis a free higher education in a state or municipal educational establishment and at an enterprise.
4. The basic general education shall be free of charge. Parents or those acting as such shall enable their children to receive a basic general education.
5. The Russian Federation shall establish federal state educational standards and support various forms of education and self-education.
Article 44
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creative activity, and teaching. Intellectual property shall be protected by law.
2. Everyone shall have the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural establishments and to access to items of cultural value.
3. Everyone shall be obliged to care for the preservation of cultural and historical heritage and protect monuments of history and culture.
Article 45
1. State protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen shall be guaranteed in the Russian Federation.
2. Everyone shall be free to protect his rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.
Article 46
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms.
2. Decisions and actions (or inaction) of bodies of state authority and local self-government, public associations and officials may be appealed against in court.
3. Everyone shall have the right to appeal, according to international treaties of the Russian Federation, to international bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms, if all the existing internal state means of legal protection have been exhausted.
Article 47
1. No one may be deprived of the right to the consideration of his or her case in that court and by that judge in whose cognizance the given case is according to law.
2. A person accused of committing a crime shall have the right to the examination of his case by a jury court in cases envisaged by federal law.
Article 48
1. Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to qualified legal assistance. In cases envisaged by law the legal assistance shall be free.
2. Any person detained, taken into custody or accused of committing a crime shall have the right to receive the assistance of a lawyer (counsel for the defence) from the moment of detention, confinement in custody or facing charges accordingly.
Article 49
1. Everyone accused of committing a crime shall be considered innocent until his guilt is proved according to the rules fixed by the federal law and confirmed by the sentence of a court which has come into legal force.
2. The accused shall not be obliged to prove his innocence.
3. Unresolvable doubts about the guilt of a person shall be interpreted in favour of the accused.
Article 50
1. No one may be convicted twice for one and the same crime.
2. In administering justice it shall not be allowed to use evidence received by violating the federal law.
3. Everyone convicted for a crime shall have the right to appeal against the judgement of a superior court according to the rules envisaged by the federal law, as well as to ask for pardon or mitigation of punishment.
Article 51
1. No one shall be obliged to give evidence incriminating themselves, a husband or wife or close relatives the range of whom is determined by the federal law.
2. The federal law may envisage other cases of absolution from the obligation to testify.
Article 52
The rights of victims of crimes and of abuse of office shall be protected by law. The State shall provide access to justice for them and compensation for the damage sustained.
Article 53
Everyone shall have the right to state compensation for damage caused by unlawful actions (inaction) of bodies of state authority and their officials.
Article 54
1. A law introducing or aggravating responsibility shall not have retrospective effect.
2. No one may bear responsibility for an action which was not regarded as a crime when it was committed. If after violating the law the relevant responsibility is eliminated or mitigated, a new law shall be applied.
Article 55
1. The listing in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the fundamental rights and freedoms shall not be interpreted as a rejection or derogation of other universally recognized human rights and freedoms.
2. In the Russian Federation no laws shall be adopted cancelling or derogating human rights and freedoms.
3. The rights and freedoms of man and citizen may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary for the protection of the fundamental principles of the constitutional system, morality, health, the rights and lawful interests of other people, for ensuring defence of the country and security of the State.
Article 56
1. In conditions of a state of emergency, in order to ensure the safety of citizens and the protection of the constitutional system and in accordance with the federal constitutional law certain limitations may be placed on human rights and freedoms with the establishment of the extent and duration of such limitations.
2. A state of emergency may be introduced in the whole territory of the Russian Federation and in certain parts thereof in the circumstances and according to the rules provided for in the federal constitutional law.
3. The rights and freedoms envisaged in Articles 20, 21, 23 (the first part), 24, 28, 34 (the first part), 40 (the first part), 46-54 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, shall not be liable to limitations.
Article 57
Everyone shall be obliged to pay the legally established taxes and dues. Laws introducing new taxes or deteriorating the position of taxpayers may not have retroactive effect.
Article 58
Everyone shall be obliged to preserve nature and the environment, treat and carefully the riches of nature.
Article 59
1. Defence of the Fatherland shall be a duty and obligation of citizens of the Russian Federation.
2. A citizen shall carry out military service according to the federal law.
3. A citizen of the Russian Federation shall have the right to replace military service by alternative civilian service if his convictions or religious belief prohibit military service and also in other cases envisaged by the federal law.
Article 60
A citizen of the Russian Federation may exercise his or her rights and duties in full from the age of 18.
Article 61
1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported from Russia or extradited to another State.
2. The Russian Federation shall guarantee its citizens protection and patronage abroad.
Article 62
1. A citizen of the Russian Federation may hold the citizenship of a foreign State (dual citizenship) according to federal law or an international agreement of the Russian Federation.
2. The possession of foreign citizenship by a citizen of the Russian Federation shall not derogate his rights and freedoms and shall not free him from the obligations stipulated by Russian citizenship, unless otherwise provided for by the federal law or an international agreement of the Russian Federation.
3. Foreign nationals and stateless persons shall enjoy in the Russian Federation the rights and bear the obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation, except for cases envisaged by federal law or international agreement of the Russian Federation.
Article 63
1. The Russian Federation shall grant political asylum to foreign nationals and stateless persons according to the universally recognised norms of international law.
2. In the Russian Federation it shall not be allowed to extradite to other States those people who are persecuted for political convictions, as well as for actions (or inaction) not recognised as a crime in the Russian Federation. The extradition of people accused of a crime, and also the handing over of convicted persons to serve sentences in other States shall be carried out on the basis of the federal law or the international agreement of the Russian Federation.
Article 64
The provisions of the present chapter comprise the basis of the legal status of the individual in the Russian Federation and may not be changed otherwise then according to the rules introduced by the present Constitution.
Chapter 3. The Federal Structure
Article 65
1. The Russian Federation includes the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya), Republic of Altai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Daghestan, Donetsk People‘s Republic*(1), Republic of Ingushetia*(2), Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia*(3), Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Republic of Crimea*(4), Lugansk People's Republic*(5), Republic of Marii El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Republic of North Ossetia-Alania*(6), Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Republic of Tyva, Udmurtian Republic, Republic of Khakassia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia*(7);
Altai Territory, Trans-Baikal Territory*(8), Kamchatka Territory*(9), Krasnodar Territory, Krasnoyarsk Territory*(10), Perm Territory*(11), Primorye Territory, Stavropol Territory and Khabarovsk Territory;
Amur Region, Archangel Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Zaporozhye Region*(12), Ivanovo Region, Irkutsk Region*(13), Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Kemerovo Region - Kuzbass*(14), Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad Region, Lipetsk Region, Magadan Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk Region, Nizhni Novgorod Region, Novgorod Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Orenburg Region, Orel Region, Penza Region, Pskov Region, Rostov Region, Ryazan Region, Samara Region, Saratov Region, Sakhalin Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tomsk Region, Tula Region, Tyumen Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Kherson Region*(15), Chelyabinsk Region, and Yaroslavl Region;
Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Sevastopol*(16) - federally significant cities;
Jewish Autonomous Region;
Nenets Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area - Yugra*(17), Chukotka Autonomous Area, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area.
2. The admission to the Russian Federation and the creation within it of a new constituent entity shall be carried out according to the rules provided for in the federal constitutional law.
Article 66
1. The status of a republic shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitution of the republic.
2. The status of a territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region and autonomous area shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous area, adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
3. At the proposal of the legislative and executive bodies of the autonomous region or autonomous area a federal law on the autonomous region or autonomous area may be adopted.
4. The relations between the autonomous area within a territory or region may be regulated by a federal law or a treaty between the bodies of state authority of the autonomous area and, accordingly, the bodies of state authority of the territory or region.
5. The status of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may be changed upon mutual agreement of the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and according to the federal constitutional law.
Article 67
1. The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territories of its subjects, inland waters and territorial sea as well as the air space above them. Federal territories may be formed on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with a federal law. The organisation of public authority on federal territories shall be provided for in the specified federal law*.
2. The Russian Federation shall possess sovereign rights and exercise jurisdiction on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation according to the rules provided for in the federal law and the norms of international law.
2.1. The Russian Federation shall ensure the protection of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Actions (save delimitation, demarcation, re-demarcation) of the state border of the Russian Federation with neighbouring states aimed at alienating a part of the territory of the Russian Federation, and also calling for such actions, are prohibited*.
3. The borders between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may be changed upon their mutual consent.
Article 67.1*
1. On its territory the Russian Federation is the legal successor of the USSR, and also the legal successor (the successor state) of the USSR with regard to membership in international organisations, their agencies, participation in international treaties and also in respect of the liabilities and assets of the USSR envisaged by international treaties of the USSR outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
2. United by a millennial history, the Russian Federation, safeguarding the memory of the ancestors who have passed on to us ideals and faith in God as well as the continuity of development of the Russian state, recognises the historically established unity of the state.
3. The Russian Federation reveres the memory of defenders of the Fatherland and ensures the protection of historical truth. It is prohibited to denigrate the significance of the people's heroic deeds in defending the Fatherland.
4. Children are an essential priority in the state policy of Russia. The state shall create conditions conducive to their comprehensive spiritual, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, and the fostering of patriotism, civic consciousness and respect for their elders. Ensuring the priority of family upbringing, the state shall undertake to execute the duties of parents in respect of children left without guardianship.
Article 68*
1. The Russian language is the state language of the Russian Federation on its entire territory as the language of the state-forming people being a part of the multi-national union of the peoples of the Russian Federation, which are equal in rights.
2. The republics have the right to establish their state languages. In bodies of state authority, local government bodies and in the state institutions of the republics they shall be used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.
3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee the right to preserve the mother tongue and create conditions for the study and development thereof for all its peoples.
4. Culture in the Russian Federation is a unique heritage of its multi-ethnic people. Culture shall be supported and protected by the state.
Article 69*
1. The Russian Federation shall guarantee the rights of the indigenous small-numbered peoples in accordance with the generally-recognised principles and norms of international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation.
2. The state shall protect the cultural identity of all peoples and ethnic communities of the Russian Federation, and guarantee the conservation of ethno-cultural and linguistic diversity.
3. The Russian Federation shall support compatriots who reside abroad in exercise of their rights, protection of their interests and conservation of an all-Russian cultural identity.
Article 70*
1. The state flag, coat of arms and anthem of the Russian Federation, their description and the procedure for their official use shall be provided for in a federal constitutional law.
2. The capital of the Russian Federation is the City of Moscow. The status of the capital shall be provided for in a federal law. Another city designated by a federal constitutional law may be the permanent venue of certain federal bodies of state authority.
Article 71
The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes:
a) adoption and amending of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their observance;
b) federal structure and the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) regulation and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; citizenship in the Russian Federation, regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities;
d) establishment of public authority; establishment of the system of federal legislative, executive and judicial bodies, the procedure for organisation and activities thereof; the formation of federal bodies of state authority*;
e) federal state property and its management;
f) establishment of the principles of federal policy and federal programmes in the sphere of state, economic, ecological, scientific and technological social, cultural and ethnic development of the Russian Federation; establishment of uniform legal foundations for the public health system, upbringing and education system, in particular, continuous education system*;
g) establishment of the legal basis for a single market; financial, currency, credit, and customs regulation, money issue, the principles of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks;
h) federal budget, federal taxes and dues, federal regional development funds;
i) federal energy systems, nuclear power-engineering, fissionable materials; federal transport, railways, information, information technologies and communications; space activities*;
j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation, issues of war and peace;
k) foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation;
l) defence and security; defence manufacturing; definition of the procedure for selling and buying weapons, ammunition, materiel and other military items; the making of poisonous substances, narcotic drugs, and the procedure for using them; ensuring the security of the person, society and the state while information technologies are being used and digital data are circulated*;
m) determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, air space, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation;
n) judicial system, procurator's office, criminal and penal legislation, amnesty and pardoning, civil legislation, procedural legislation, legal regulation of intellectual property*(18);
o) federal law of conflict of laws;
p) metrological service, standards, standard measures, the metric system and time keeping; geodesy and cartography; place-names; meteorological service; official statistical and accounting records;
q) state awards and honourary titles of the Russian Federation*;
r) federal state service; establishing restrictions on occupancy of state and municipal positions, positions in state and municipal service, including restrictions relating to the availability of citizenship of a foreign state or residence permit or another document confirming the right of a Russian Federation citizen to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state, and also restrictions relating to the opening and availability of accounts (deposits), the safekeeping of money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation*.
Article 72
1. The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation includes:
a) providing for the correspondence of the constitutions and laws of the republics, the charters and other normative legal acts of the territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous areas to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;
b) protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring the rule of law, law and order, public security and the border zone regime;
c) issues of possession, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources;
d) delimitation of state property;
e) utilisation of natural resources; agriculture; environmental protection and ensuring ecological safety; specially-protected natural territories; protection of history and culture heritage items*;
f) general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical education and sports, youth policy*;
g) coordination of public health issues, including arrangements for provision of affordable and high-quality medical care, safeguarding and strengthening public health, creating conditions for a healthy lifestyle, shaping citizens' responsible attitudes in respect of their health; social protection including welfare*;
g.1) protection of the family, maternity, paternity and childhood; protection of marriage as a union of a man and a woman; creation of conditions for adequate family upbringing of children, and also for adult children to execute the duty to care for their parents*;
h) carrying out measures against catastrophes, natural calamities, epidemics, elimination of their aftermath;
i) establishment of common principles of taxation and dues in the Russian Federation;
j) administrative, administrative procedural, labour, family, housing, land, water, and forest legislation; legislation on subsoil and environmental protection;
k) personnel of the judicial and law enforcement agencies; the Bar, notary offices;
l) protection of the traditional habitat and way of life of small ethnic communities;
m) establishment of common principles of organisation of the system of bodies of state authority and local self-government;
n) coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, fulfillment of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.
2. The provisions of this Article shall be equally valid for the republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas.
Article 73
Outside the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues under joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall possess full state authority.
Article 74
1. In the territory of the Russian Federation it shall not be allowed to establish customs borders, dues or any other barriers to the free flow of goods, services and financial resources.
2. Limitations on the transfer of goods and services may be introduced according to federal law, if it is necessary to ensure security, protect the life and health of people, protect nature and items of cultural values.
Article 75*
1. The rouble is the monetary unit in the Russian Federation. Issue of money is the exclusive prerogative of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. It is prohibited to introduce and issue other currencies in the Russian Federation.
2. The basic function of the Central Bank is to protect and ensure the stability of the rouble, and it shall carry it out independently of other bodies of state authority.
3. A system of the taxes levied for the federal budget, and the general principles of taxation and collection of fees in the Russian Federation shall be provided for in a federal law.
4. State loans shall be issued in the procedure defined by a federal law and be floated on a voluntary basis.
5. The Russian Federation shall respects the work of citizens and make sure their rights are protected. The state guarantee a minimum rate of remuneration for labour not below the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population for the Russian Federation as a whole.
6. A system of provision of pensions to citizens shall be formed in the Russian Federation on the basis of the principles of universality, justice and solidarity of generations, and be maintained in an efficient operable condition, and pensions shall be indexed at least once a year in the procedure provided for in federal law.
7. Mandatory social insurance, targeted social support to citizens and indexation of welfare bonuses and other social disbursements shall be guaranteed in the Russian Federation in accordance with federal law.
Article 75.1*
Conditions shall be created in the Russian Federation conducive to a steady economic growth of the country and improvement of citizens' well-being, mutual trust between the state and society, and a guarantee shall be provided for protecting the dignity of citizens and respect for working population, ensuring the balance of rights and duties of citizen, social partnership, economic, political and social solidarity.
Article 76
1. On the issues under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation federal constitutional laws and federal laws shall be adopted and have direct action in the whole territory of the Russian Federation.
2. On the issues under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation federal laws shall issued and laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall be adopted according to them.
3. Federal laws may not contradict the federal constitutional laws.
4. Outside the limits of authority of the Russian Federation, of the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous areas shall exercise their own legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other normative acts.
5. The laws and other legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may not contradict the federal laws adopted according to the first and second parts of this Article. In the case of a contradiction between a federal law and an act issued in the Russian Federation the federal law shall be applied.
6. In the case of a contradiction between a federal law and a normative act of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation adopted according to the fourth part of this Article, the normative legal act of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation shall be applied.
Article 77
1. The system of bodies of state authority of the republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous areas shall be established by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation independently and according to the principles of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the general principles of the organisation of representative and executive bodies of state authority provided for in federal law.
2. Within the limits of jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on the issues under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation the federal bodies of executive authority and the bodies of executive authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall make up a single system of executive power of the Russian Federation.
3. Eligible for the office of supreme official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (of the head of the supreme executive body of state authority a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) shall be a Russian Federation citizen who has attained the age of 30 years, permanently resides in the Russian Federation, does not have citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law it is prohibited for the supreme official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the supreme executive body of state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Additional requirements applicable to the supreme official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the supreme executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) may be provided for in a federal law*.
Article 78
1. The federal bodies of executive power in order to exercise their powers may create their own territorial bodies and appoint corresponding officials.
2. The federal bodies of executive power by agreement with the bodies of executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may transfer to them the fulfillment of a part of their powers, if this does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
3. The bodies of executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by agreement with the federal bodies of executive power may transfer to them the fulfillment of a part of their powers.
4. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation shall ensure, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the implementation of the powers of federal state authority in the whole territory of the Russian Federation.
5. The office of the head of a federal state body may be held by a Russian Federation citizen who has attained the age of 30 years, does not have citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law it is prohibited for the head of a federal state body to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation*.
Article 79*
The Russian Federation may participate in inter-state associations and delegate a part of its powers thereto in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, unless it entails restrictions on the rights and freedoms of man and citizen and contravenes the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. In their construction contravening the Constitution of the Russian Federation resolutions of inter-state bodies taken on the basis of provisions of international treaties of the Russian Federation shall not be applicable in the Russian Federation.
Article 79.1*
The Russian Federation shall take measures for maintaining and consolidating international peace and security, ensuring the peaceful co-existence of states and peoples, and preventing interference in the internal affairs of the state.
Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation
Article 80
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the head of the State.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. In the procedure provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation he shall take measures for safeguarding the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, maintain civic peace and accord in the country, ensure the coordinated operation and interaction of the bodies incorporated in the unified system of public authority*.
3. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws the President of the Russian Federation shall determine the guidelines of the internal and foreign policies of the State.
4. As the head of the State the President of the Russian Federation represent the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.
Article 81*
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be elected for a six-year term by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
2. Eligible for the office of President of the Russian Federation shall be a Russian Federation citizen who has attained the age of 35 years, has been permanently residing in the Russian Federation for at least 25 years, does not have and has not had earlier citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. The provision on lack of the citizenship of a foreign state of a candidate for the office of President of the Russian Federation shall not extend to the Russian Federation citizens who have earlier had the citizenship of a state which has been admitted or whose part has been admitted into the Russian Federation in accordance with a federal constitutional law, and had been permanently residing on the territory of the state admitted into the Russian Federation or on the territory of the part of a state admitted into the Russian Federation. In the procedure provided for in a federal law it shall be prohibited for the President of the Russian Federation to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
3. One and the same person shall not hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms.
3.1. The provision of Part 3 of Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation limiting the number of terms during which one and the same person may hold the office of President of the Russian Federation is applicable to the person who has held and/or who holds the office of President of the Russian Federation with no account being taken of the number of terms during which he has held and/or holds that office as of the time of entry into force of the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation whereby the relevant limitation is introduced, and shall not preclude for him to hold the office of President of the Russian Federation during the terms allowed by said provision.
4. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation shall be defined by a federal law.
Article 82
1. When taking office the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath of loyalty to the people:
"I swear in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation to respect and safeguard the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the State, to faithfully serve the people".
2. The oath shall be taken on a solemn occasion in the presence of the senators of the Russian Federation, the deputies of the State Duma and the judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation*.
Article 83
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) appoint the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation whose nomination has been approved by the State Duma on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, and dismiss the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation*;
b) exercise general direction of the Government of the Russian Federation; has the right to chair meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation*;
b.1) endorse on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation the structure of federal executive bodies, and modify it; in the structure of federal executive bodies shall designate the bodies whose activities are directed by the President of the Russian Federation, and the bodies whose activities are directed by the Government of the Russian Federation. If the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation has been dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation the newly appointed Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall not submit to the President of the Russian Federation proposals concerning the structure of federal executive bodies*;
c) adopt decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation;
c.1) accept the resignation of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers, and also of the heads of the federal executive bodies whose activities are directed by the President of the Russian Federation*;
d) submit to the State Duma a candidate for the appointment to the post of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, raise before the State Duma the issue of dismissing the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
e) appoint Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers whose nomination has been endorsed by the State Duma (with the exception of the federal ministers cited in Item "e.1" of this article), and dismiss them*;
e.1) appoint -- after consultations with the Federation Council -- and dismiss the heads of the federal executive bodies (including federal ministers) in charge of the issues of defence, state security, internal affairs, justice, foreign affairs, prevention of emergencies and elimination of the aftermath of natural disasters, public security*;
f) present nominees to the Federation Council for appointment as Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; shall appoint the chairmen, deputy chairmen and judges of other federal courts;*
f.1) appoint -- after consultations with the Federation Council -- and dismiss the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Procurators-General of the Russian Federation, the procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the procurators of military and other specialised procurator's offices which qualify as the procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; shall appoint and dismiss other procurators for which such procedure for appointment and dismissal is provided for in a federal law*;
f.2) appoint and dismiss representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council*(19);
f.3) bring before the Federation Council a proposal for termination in keeping with a federal constitutional law of the powers of the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the chairmen, deputy chairmen and judges of the cassation and appellate courts if they have committed a wrongdoing that discredits honour and dignity of a judge, and also in another case envisaged by a federal constitutional law evidencing of the impossibility of judges' executing their powers*;
f.4) present nominees to the Federation Council for appointment as Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and a half of the total number of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber; shall present nominees to the State Duma for appointment as Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and a half of the total number of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber*;
f.5) form the State Council of the Russian Federation for the purposes of ensuring the coordinated operation and interaction of the bodies of public authority, defining main guidelines for the domestic and foreign policies of the Russian Federation and priority lines of socio-economic development of the state; the status of the State Council of the Russian Federation shall be defined by a federal law*;
g) form the Security Council of the Russian Federation for the purposes of assisting the head of state in the execution of his powers in respect of issues of safeguarding national interests and security of person, society and the state, and also maintaining civic peace and accord in the country, protecting the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, preventing internal and external threats; and shall head the State Council of the Russian Federation. The status of the Security Council of the Russian Federation shall be defined by a federal law*;
h) approve the military doctrine of the Russian Federation;
i) form the Presidential Executive Office for the purposes of supporting the execution of his powers*;
j) appoint and dismiss plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation;
k) appoint and dismiss the supreme command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
l) after consultations with corresponding committees and commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly appoint and recall diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation in foreign States and international organisations.
Article 84
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) announce elections to the State Duma according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal law;
b) dissolve the State Duma in cases and according to the rules provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
c) announce referendums according to the rules provided for in the federal constitutional law;
d) submit bills to the State Duma;
e) sign and make public federal laws;
f) address the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the guidelines for the internal and foreign policies of the State.
Article 85
1. The President of the Russian Federation may use conciliatory procedures to solve disputes between the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as between bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. If no agreed decision is reached, he shall have the right to submit the dispute for the consideration of a corresponding court.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall have the right to suspend acts of the bodies of executive power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation if these acts contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal laws or international commitments of the Russian Federation or violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen until the issue is solved by a corresponding court.
Article 86
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) govern the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
b) hold negotiations and sign international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation;
c) sign ratification instruments;
d) receive credentials and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to him.
Article 87
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
2. In the case of aggression against the Russian Federation or of a direct threat of aggression the President of the Russian Federation shall introduce martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or on certain parts thereof and immediately inform the Council of the Federation and the State Duma about this.
3. The martial law regime shall be defined by the federal constitutional law.
Article 88
The President of the Russian Federation, in circumstances and according to the rules envisaged by the federal constitutional law, shall introduce a state of emergency in the territory of the Russian Federation or in certain parts thereof and immediately inform the Council of the Federation and the State Duma about this.
Article 89
The President of the Russian Federation shall:
a) solve the issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and of granting political asylum;
b) decorate with state awards of the Russian Federation, award honourary titles of the Russian Federation, higher military and higher special ranks;
c) decide on pardoning.
Article 90
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall issue decrees and orders.
2. The decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation shall be obligatory for fulfillment in the whole territory of the Russian Federation.
3. Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation shall not run counter to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
Article 91
The President of the Russian Federation shall possess immunity.
Article 92
1. The President of the Russian Federation shall take up his powers from the moment of taking the oath of loyalty and cease to fulfil them with the expiration of the term of office and from the moment a newly-elected president is sworn in.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall cease to exercise his powers short of the term in the case of his resignation, consistent inability because of health reasons to exercise the powers vested in him or in case of impeachment. In this case the election of the President of the Russian Federation shall take place not later than three months from the termination of the powers short of the term.
3. In all cases when the President of the Russian Federation is incapable of fulfilling his duties, they shall be temporarily fulfilled by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the Russian Federation shall have no right to dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or to submit proposals on amendments to, and review of, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Article 92.1*
1. The President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute powers in connection with the expiry of his term of office or before due date in the event of his resignation or persistent inability due to health condition to execute his powers shall enjoy immunity.
2. Other guarantees for the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute powers in connection with the expiry of his term of office or before due date in the event of his resignation or persistent inability due to health condition to execute his powers shall be provided for in a federal law.
3. The President of the Russian Federation who has terminated executing his powers may be stripped of immunity in the procedure envisaged by Article 93 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Article 93*
1. The President of the Russian Federation may be impeached, and the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers may be stripped of immunity by the Federation Council only on charges of high treason or another grave crime brought by the State Duma as confirmed by an opinion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the availability of signs of crime in the actions of the President of the Russian Federation, who is incumbent or has terminated executing his powers, and an opinion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the observance of the established procedure for bringing charges.
2. A decision of the State Duma on bringing charges and a decision of the Federation Council on impeaching the President of the Russian Federation, on stripping of immunity the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers shall be taken by two thirds of votes of the total number of the senators of the Russian Federation and of the deputies of the State Duma respectively on the initiative of at least one third of the deputies of the State Duma, given the availability of an opinion of an ad hoc commission set up by the State Duma.
3. A decision of the Federation Council on impeaching the President of the Russian Federation, on stripping of immunity the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers shall be taken within a three-month term after the bringing of charges by the State Duma against the President of the Russian Federation. Unless a decision of the Federation Council is taken within that term, the charges against the President of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers shall be deemed dismissed.
Chapter 5. Federal Assembly
Article 94
The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - shall be the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.
Article 95*
1. The Federal Assembly shall consist of two chambers, the Federation Council and the State Duma.
2. The Federation Council shall be comprised of senators of the Russian Federation. The following shall sit on the Federation Council:
a) two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation: one from the legislative (representative) and the executive body of state authority -- for the term of powers of the relevant body;
b) the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute the powers in connection with the expiry of his term of office or before due date in the event of his resignation, for life. The President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers in connection with the expiry of his term of office or before due date in the event of his resignation has the right to waive the powers of a senator of the Russian Federation;
c) up to 30 representatives of the Russian Federation who are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, among whom up to seven may be appointed for life.
3. The total number of senators of the Russian Federation shall be defined depending on the number of the representatives from the constituent entities of the Russian Federation cited in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the number of the persons who execute the powers of senators of the Russian Federation cited in Items "b" and "c" of Part 2 of this article.
4. Eligible for being a senator of the Russian Federation shall be a Russian Federation citizen that has attained the age of 30 years, permanently resides in the Russian Federation, does not have the citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law the senators of the Russian Federation shall be prohibited to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
5. Citizens that have rendered a distinguished service to the country in the sphere of state and public activities may be appointed as representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council executing the powers of senators the Russian Federation for life.
6. Representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council, except for the representatives of the Russian Federation who execute the powers of senators of the Russian Federation for life, shall be appointed for a six-year term.
7. The State Duma shall consist of 450 deputies.
Article 96
1. The State Duma shall be elected for a term of five years*(20).
2. The rules for forming the Council of the Federation and the rules for electing deputies to the State Duma shall be introduced by federal laws.
Article 97
1. A citizen of the Russian Federation is deemed eligible for being elected to the State Duma, provided that such citizen has attained the age of 21 years, has the right to take part in election, permanently resides in the Russian Federation, does not have the citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In accordance with the procedure provided for in federal law, the deputies of the State Duma shall be prohibited to open and have accounts (deposits), keep monetary funds and valuables with foreign banks located outside the Russian Federation*.
2. One and the same person shall not simultaneously be a senator of the Russian Federation and a deputy of the State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma shall not be a deputy of other representative bodies of state authority and local government bodies*.
3. Deputies of the State Duma shall work on a permanent professional basis. Deputies of the State Duma may not be employed in state service, engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative work.
Article 98
1. During their entire term of powers the senators of the Russian Federation and the deputies of the State Duma shall enjoy immunity. They shall not be detained, arrested, searched except for the cases of apprehension in flagrant delict, and also subjected to personal examination, except for case when a federal law provides for this for the purposes of ensuring the security of other people*.
2. The issue of deprivation of immunity shall be considered upon the proposal of the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation to the corresponding chamber of the Federal Assembly.
Article 99
1. The Federal Assembly shall work on a permanent basis.
2. The State Duma shall be convened at its first sitting on the thirtieth day after the elections. The President of the Russian Federation may convene a sitting of the State Duma earlier than the mentioned time.
3. The first session of the State Duma shall be opened by the oldest deputy.
4. From the time the State Duma of a new convocation begins to work the mandate of the State Duma of the previous convocation shall expire.
Article 100
1. The Council of the Federation and the State Duma shall hold separate sittings.
2. Sittings of the Council of the Federation and of the State Duma shall be open. In cases envisaged by procedural rules the chambers shall have the right to hold closed-door sittings.
3. The chambers may have joint sittings to hear the addresses of the President of the Russian Federation*.
Article 101
1. The Council of the Federation shall elect from among its deputies the Chairman of the Council of the Federation and his deputies. The State Duma shall elect from among its deputies the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies.
2. The Chairman of the Council of the Federation and his deputes, the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies chair sittings and shall be in charge of the internal routine work of the respective chamber.
3. The Council of the Federation and the State Duma shall set up committees and commissions, hold parliamentary hearings on issues in their authority.
4. Each of the chambers shall adopt its procedural rules and resolve issues of procedure for its work.
5. For controlling the implementation of the federal budget the Council of the Federation and the State Duma shall create an Accounts Chamber, the composition and the rules of work of which are fixed by federal law.
Article 102
1. The jurisdiction of the Council of the Federation includes:
a) approval of changes in borders between constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
b) approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;
c) approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;
d) deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;
e) appointment of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;
f) impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation; stripping of immunity of the President of the Russian Federation that has ceased to execute his or her powers*;
g) appointment on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation of the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation*;
h) holding consultations concerning nominees proposed by the President of the Russian Federation for the office of Procurator-General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Procurators-General of the Russian Federation, the procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the procurators of the military and other specialised procurator's offices qualifying as procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation*;
i) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and a half of the total number of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation*;
j) holding consultations concerning nominees proposed by the President of the Russian Federation for the positions of heads of the federal executive bodies (including federal ministers) in charge of the issues of defence, state security, internal affairs, justice, foreign affairs, prevention of emergencies and elimination of the aftermath of natural disasters, public security*;
k) termination on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with a federal constitutional law of the powers of the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the chairmen, deputy chairmen and judges of the cassation and appellate courts if the have committed a wrongdoing that discredits the honour and dignity of a judge, and also in other cases envisaged by a federal constitutional law evidencing of the impossibility of the judge's executing his powers*;
l) hearing the annual reports of the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation on the state of law and order in the Russian Federation*.
2. The Council of the Federation shall adopt resolutions on the issues referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3. Resolutions of the Federation Council shall be adopted by a majority of votes of the total number of the senators of the Russian Federation, except as another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation for taking decisions*.
Article 103
1. The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes:
a) approving on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation of a nominee for Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation*;
a.1) approving on a proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation of nominees for Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers, with the exception of the federal ministers cited in Item "e.1" of Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation*;
b) resolution of the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;
c) hearing of annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activity, including on issues raised by the State Duma*(21);
d) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
d.1) hearing the annual reports of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation*;
e) appointing and dismissing a Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and a half of the total number of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation*;
f) appointing and dismissing the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation acting in accordance with a federal constitutional law. Eligible for the office of High Commissioner for Human Rights shall be a Russian Federation citizen who permanently reside in the Russian Federation, does not have the citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law the High Commissioner for Human Rights shall be prohibited to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation*;
g) proclamation of amnesty;
h) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for the purposes of impeaching him or against the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers, for the purposes of stripping him of immunity*.
2. The State Duma shall adopt resolutions on the issues referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3. Resolutions of the State Duma shall be adopted by a majority of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma, if other rules for adopting decisions are not stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Article 103.1*
The Federation Council, the State Duma have the right to exercise parliamentary control, including to send parliamentary inquiries to the heads of state bodies and local government bodies concerning the issues within the cognisance of these bodies and officials. The procedure for exercising parliamentary control shall be defined by federal laws and the rules of the chambers of the Federal Assembly.
Article 104
1. The power to initiate legislation shall belong to the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the senators of the Russian Federation, the deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Also the power to initiate legislation belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation with regard to the issues within their cognisance*.
2. Bills shall be submitted to the State Duma.
3. Bills on the introduction or cancellation of taxes, on exemption from their payment, on the issue of state loans, on changes in the financial obligations of the State, and other bills envisaging expenses covered from the federal budget may be submitted only upon a conclusion of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 105
1. Federal laws shall be adopted by the State Duma.
2. Federal laws shall be adopted by a majority of votes of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma, unless otherwise envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3. The federal laws adopted by the State Duma shall be submitted within five days for consideration by the Council of the Federation.
4. A federal law shall be considered to be approved by the Council of the Federation if over a half of the total number of the members of the chamber have voted for it or if the Council of the Federation does not consider it in fourteen days. If the Council of the Federation rejects a law, the chambers may create a conciliatory commission for overcoming the contradictions that arose, after which the federal law shall be reconsidered by the State Duma.
5. If the State Duma disagrees with the decision of the Council of the Federation, a federal law shall be considered adopted, if during the second vote not less than two thirds of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma supported it.
Article 106
Federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the following issues shall be the liable to obligatory consideration by the Council of the Federation:
a) federal budget;
b) federal taxes and dues;
c) financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, and money issue;
d) ratification and denunciation of international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation;
e) the status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation;
f) peace and war.
Article 107
1. The adopted federal law shall be submitted within five days to the President of the Russian Federation for signing and making it public.
2. The President of the Russian Federation shall sign the federal law and make it public within fourteen days.
3. If within 14 days after the time of receipt of the federal law the President of the Russian Federation dismisses it then the State Duma and the Federation Council shall again consider this law in the procedure provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. If while being considered again the federal law is approved in the wording that has been adopted earlier by a majority of at least two thirds of votes of the total number of the senators of the Russian Federation and of the deputies the State Duma then within seven days it is subject to signing by the President of the Russian Federation and promulgation. If within said term the President of the Russian Federation sends an inquiry to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation for checking the constitutionality of the federal law the term for signing such law shall be suspended for the period of consideration of the inquiry by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. If the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirms the constitutionality of the federal law the President of the Russian Federation shall sign it within three days after the time when the relevant decision is taken by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Unless the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirms the constitutionality of the federal law, the President of the Russian Federation shall return it to the State Duma without signing*.
Article 108
1. Federal constitutional laws shall be adopted on the issues envisaged by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. A federal constitutional law shall be deemed adopted if it has been approved by a majority of at least three quarters of votes of the total number of the senators of the Russian Federation, and at least two thirds of votes of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma. Within 14 days the adopted federal constitutional law is subject to signing by the President of the Russian Federation and being promulgated. If within said term the President of the Russian Federation sends an inquiry to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation for checking the constitutionality of the federal constitutional law the term for signing such law shall be suspended by the period of consideration of the inquiry by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. If the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirms the constitutionality of the federal constitutional law then within three days after the time of the relevant decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation the President of the Russian Federation shall sign it. Unless the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirms the constitutionality of the federal constitutional law, the President of the Russian Federation shall return it to the State Duma without signing*.
Article 109
1. In the cases envisaged by Articles 111, 112 and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation the State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation*.
2. If the State Duma is dissolved, the President of the Russian Federation shall appoint the date of election so that a newly-elected State Duma can meet not later than four months since the moment of dissolution.
3. The State Duma may not be dissolved on the grounds envisaged in Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation within a year after it was elected.
4. The State Duma may not be dissolved from the moment it advances charges against the President of the Russian Federation until the Council of the Federation adopts a decision on the issue.
5. The State Duma may not be dissolved while a state of emergency or martial law operate in the whole territory of the Russian Federation, as well as during six months before the term of office of the President expires.
Chapter 6. The Government of the Russian Federation
Article 110
1. Executive power in the Russian Federation shall be exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation under the general direction of the President of the Russian Federation*.
2. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.
3. The Government of the Russian Federation shall direct the activities of federal executive bodies, with the exception of the federal executive bodies whose activities are directed by the President of the Russian Federation*.
4. Eligible for the office of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal minister and another head of a federal executive body of authority shall be a Russian Federation citizen who has attained the age of 30 years, does not have the citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizen's right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers, other heads of federal executive bodies shall be prohibited to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation*.
Article 111
1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation after he has been endorsed as nominee by the State Duma*.
2. A proposal concerning a nominee for the office of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be brought before the State Duma by the President of the Russian Federation within two weeks after the inauguration of the newly elected President of the Russian Federation, or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or within one week after the date of dismissal of a nominee for the office of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation by the State Duma or dismissal from office by the President of the Russian Federation or of the resignation of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation*.
3. The State Duma shall consider the nominee presented by the President of the Russian Federation for the office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation within one week after the date of bringing of the proposal*.
4. If the nominees presented for the office of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation have been dismissed three times by the State Duma the President of the Russian Federation shall appoint the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In this case, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to dissolve the State Duma and call a new election*.
Article 112*
1. Within one week after being appointed the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall submit proposals to the President of the Russian Federation concerning the structure of federal executive bodies, with the exception of cases when the preceding Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation has been relieved from office by the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall present to the State Duma nominees for Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and for federal ministers (with the exception of the federal ministers cited in Item "e.1" of Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Within one week the State Duma shall take a decision on the nominees so presented.
3. The nominated Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers who have been approved by the State Duma shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. The President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to refuse appointing the nominated Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers who have been approved by the State Duma.
4. If the nominees for Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers presented in accordance with Part 2 of this article have been dismissed by the State Duma three times the President of the Russian Federation shall have the right to appoint Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers from among the nominees which have been presented by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. If more than one third of positions of members of the Government of the Russian Federation (with the exception of positions of the federal ministers cited in Item "e.1" of Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) remain unoccupied after the nominees presented in accordance with Part 2 of this article have been dismissed three times by the State Duma the President of the Russian Federation shall have the right to dissolve the State Duma and call a new election.
5. In the case envisaged by Part 4 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and also in the case of dissolution of the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation the President of the Russian Federation shall appoint Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministers (with the exception of the federal ministers cited in Item "e.1" of Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) on a proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 113*
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall organise the work of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees, orders and instructions of the President of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be accountable in person before the President of the Russian Federation for the execution of the powers vested in the Government of the Russian Federation.
Article 114
1. The Government of the Russian Federation shall:
a) draw up and submit to the State Duma a federal budget and ensure its execution; submit to the State Duma a report a report on the execution of the federal budget; submit to the State Duma annual reports on the results of its activity, including on issues raised by the State Duma*(22);
b) ensure the implementation in the Russian Federation of a single financial, credit and monetary policy;
c) ensure the pursuance in the Russian Federation of a comprehensive socially-oriented state policy in the sphere of culture, science, education, public health, welfare, support, consolidation and protection of the family, conservation of traditional family values and also in the sphere of environmental protection*;
c.1) ensure state support to the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation, the preservation and development of its scientific potential*;
c.2) ensure the operation of the system of social protection of disabled persons based on the full and equal exercise of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen by them, their social integration without any discrimination, the creation of an environment to which disabled persons have access, and the improvement of their life quality*;
d) manage federal property;
e) carry out measures to secure the defence of the country, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
f) implement measures to ensure the rule of law, human rights and freedoms, protection of property and public order, and control of crime;
f.1) take measures for supporting civic society institutions, including non-profit organisations, make sure they participate in the elaboration and implementation of the state policy*;
f.2) take measures for supporting voluntary (volunteers') activities*;
f.3) assist in the development of entrepreneurship and private initiative*;
f.4) ensure the implementation of the principles of social partnership in the sphere of regulation of labour relations and other relations directly connected with them*;
f.5) take measures for creation of favourable conditions for the livelihood of the population, alleviation of the negative effects of economic and other activities on the environment, conservation of the unique natural and biological diversity of the country, shape up responsible attitudes in society to animals*;
f.6) create conditions conducive to the development of a system of ecological education of citizens, fostering ecologically-minded attitudes*;
g) exercise other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The rules for the activity of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be determined by federal constitutional law.
Article 115
1. Pursuant to, and for implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees, orders and instructions of the President of the Russian Federation the Government of the Russian Federation shall issue decisions and orders, and ensure their implementation*.
2. The decisions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be obligatory for fulfillment in the Russian Federation.
3. The President of the Russian Federation may repeal decisions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation if they contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation*.
Article 116
The Government of the Russian Federation shall resign in the event of a newly-elected President of the Russian Federation.
Article 117
1. The Government of the Russian Federation may offer to resign and the President of the Russian Federation either shall accept or reject the resignation.
2. The President of the Russian Federation may take a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation.
3. The State Duma may express a lack of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. A no-confidence resolution in respect of the Government of the Russian Federation shall be adopted by a majority of votes of the total number of the deputies of the State Duma. After the State Duma has expressed the lack of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation the President of the Russian Federation shall have the right to announce resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, or to disagree with the resolution of the State Duma. If within three months the State Duma expresses again a lack of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation the President of the Russian Federation shall announce resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or dissolve the State Duma and call a new election*.
4. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation has the right to bring before the State Duma a question of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, which shall be considered within seven days. If the State Duma votes no-confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation then within seven days the President of the Russian Federation has the right to take a decision on resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or on dissolution of the State Duma and on call of a new election. If within three months the Government of the Russian Federation again bring a question of confidence before the State Duma, and the State Duma votes no-confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation the President of the Russian Federation shall take a decision on resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation on dissolution of the State Duma and call of a new election*.
4.1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, a Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, a federal minister have the right to tender resignation which shall be either accepted or dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation*.
5. In the event of resignation or recusation the Government of the Russian Federation shall keep acting if instructed so by the President of the Russian Federation until the formation of a new Government of the Russian Federation. In the event of the dismissal by the President of the Russian Federation or the resignation of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, a Deputy the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation or a federal minister the President of the Russian Federation has the right to instruct that person to continue executing official duties or vest the duty to execute them in another person until the relevant appointment*.
6. The State Duma shall not express a lack of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall not bring before the State Duma a question of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation in the cases envisaged by Parts 3 - 5 of Article 109 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and also during one year after the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with Part 4 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation*.
Chapter 7. Judicial Power and Procuracy*(23)
Article 118
1. Justice in the Russian Federation shall be administered by courts alone.
2. Judicial authority shall be executed by means of constitutional, civil, arbitration and criminal legal proceedings*.
3. The judicial system of the Russian Federation shall be provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and a federal constitutional law. The judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, federal courts of general jurisdiction, arbitration courts, justices of the peace of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is prohibited to set up extraordinary courts*.
Article 119*
Eligible for positions of judges shall be Russian Federation citizens who have attained the age of 25 years, have a higher legal education background and a record of work in a legal profession of at least five years, permanently reside in Russian Federation, do not have the citizenship f a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizens' right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in a federal law the judges of the courts of the Russian Federation shall be prohibited to open and have accounts (deposits), keep money in cash and valuables in foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation. A federal law may establish additional requirements applicable to judges of courts of the Russian Federation.
Article 120
1. Judges shall be independent and submit only to the Constitution and federal law.
2. If after considering a case the court of law decides that an act of a state or other body contradicts the law it shall pass an appropriate decision according to the law.
Article 121
1. Judges shall be deemed irremovable.
2. The powers of a judge may be ceased or suspended only on the grounds and according to the rules fixed by the federal law.
Article 122
1. Judges shall be immune from legal proceedings.
2. A judge may not face criminal responsibility other than according to the rules provided for in federal law.
Article 123
1. Examination of cases in all courts shall be open. Examinations in camera shall be allowed only in the cases envisaged by the federal law.
2. Trial in absentia in criminal courts shall not be allowed except in cases fixed by the federal law.
3. Judicial proceedings shall be held on the basis of confrontation and equality of the parties.
4. In cases fixed by the federal law justice shall be administered by a jury court.
Article 124
The courts shall be financed only from the federal budget and the possibility of the complete and independent administration of justice shall be ensured in keeping with the requirements of federal law.
Article 125
1. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is the supreme judicial body of constitutional control in the Russian Federation which shall execute judicial authority by means of constitutional legal proceedings for the purposes of protecting the fundamentals of the constitutional system, the basic rights and freedoms of man and citizen, ensuring the supremacy and direct effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall consist of 11 judges, including the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and a deputy thereof*.
2. On inquiries of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, one fifth of the senators of the Russian Federation or of the deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the legislative and executive bodies of authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall resolve cases in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation*:
a) of federal constitutional laws, federal laws, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation*;
b) of the constitutions of the republics, the charters and also laws and other normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation issued on the issues falling within the cognisance of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and joint cognisance of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation*;
c) agreements between the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, agreements between the bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation*;
d) international treaties of the Russian Federation which have not entered into force*.
3. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall resolve disputes on jurisdiction:
a) between the federal bodies of state authority;
b) between the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
c) between the higher bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
4. In the procedure provided for in a federal constitutional law the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall verify the following*:
a) on complaints against violation of citizens' constitutional rights and freedoms -- the constitutionality of the laws and other normative acts cited in Items "a" and "b" of Part 2 of this article which have been applied in a certain case, if all other intra-state legal remedies have been exhausted*;
b) on inquiries of courts -- the constitutionality of the laws and other normative acts cited in Items "a" and "b" of Part 2 of this article which are subject to application in a certain case*.
5. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon the requests of the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the bodies of the legislative power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, shall give its interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
5.1. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation*:
a) on an inquiry of the President of the Russian Federation -- shall verify the constitutionality of draft laws of the Russian Federation on an amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, draft federal constitutional laws and draft federal laws, and also the laws adopted in the procedure envisaged by Parts 2 and 3 of Article 107 and Part 2 of Article 108 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, before their being signed by the President of the Russian Federation*;
b) in the procedure provided for in a federal constitutional law -- shall resolve the issue of the possibility of implementing decisions of inter-state bodies which have been taken on the basis of the provisions of international treaties of the Russian Federation in their construction which contravenes the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and also the possibility of implementation of a decision of a foreign or an international (inter-state) court, a foreign or an international arbitration tribunal (arbitration court) that imposed obligations on the Russian Federation, if that decision contravenes the fundamentals of the public law and order of the Russian Federation*;
с) on an inquiry of the President of the Russian Federation in the procedure provided for in a federal constitutional law -- shall verify the constitutionality of laws of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation before the promulgation thereof by the supreme official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (the head of the supreme executive body of state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation)*.
6. Acts or certain provisions thereof which have been recognised as unconstitutional shall become invalid; international treaties of the Russian Federation which do not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall not be subject to being put into force and applied. Acts or certain provisions thereof which have been recognised as constitution in the construction provided by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall not be applicable in another construction*.
7. On an inquiry of the Federation Council the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall issue an opinion on the observance of the established procedure for bringing charges of high treason or another grave crime against the President of the Russian Federation or the President of the Russian Federation who has ceased to execute his powers*.
8. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation shall execute other powers provided for in a federal constitutional law*.
Article 126*
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the supreme judicial body for civil cases, the settlement of economic disputes, for the criminal, administrative and other cases falling within the jurisdiction of courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts which have been set up in accordance with a federal constitutional law and execute judicial authority by means of civil, arbitration, administrative and criminal legal proceedings. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation shall exercise judicial oversight in the procedural forms envisaged by a federal law over the activities of courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts, and it shall provide explanations on issues of judicial practice.
Article 127
Removed by the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (the Law of the Russian Federation on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Procurator's Office of the Russian Federation)*(24).
Article 128*
1. The Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation shall be appointed by the Federation Council on a proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.
2. The chairmen, deputy chairmen and judges of other federal courts shall be appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in the procedure provided for in a federal constitutional law.
3. The powers, the procedure for formation, and deliberations of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and other federal courts shall be provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and a federal constitutional law. The procedure for realisation of civil, arbitration, administrative and criminal legal proceedings shall also be regulated by the relevant procedural legislation.
Article 129*
1. The procurator's office of the Russian Federation shall be a unified federal centralised system of the bodies which exercise supervision over the observance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the implementation of laws, supervision over the observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, criminal prosecution in accordance with their powers, and carrying out other functions as well. The powers and functions of the procurator's office of the Russian Federation, its organisation and the procedure for pursuance of its activities shall be defined by federal law.
2. Eligible for positions of procurators shall be Russian Federation citizens who do not have the citizenship of a foreign state or a residence permit or another document confirming the Russian Federation citizens' right to permanently reside on the territory of a foreign state. In the procedure provided for in federal law the procurators shall not be allowed to open and have accounts (deposits), as well as keep monetary funds and valuables with foreign banks located outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
3. The Procurator-General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Procurators-General of the Russian Federation shall be appointed after consultations with the Federation Council, and be dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation.
4. The procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the procurators of the military and other specialised procurator's offices qualifying as procurators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shall be appointed after consultations with the Federation Council and be dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation.
5. Other procurators may be appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation, if such procedure for appointment and dismissal is provided for in federal law.
6. Except as otherwise envisaged by federal law, prosecutors of towns, districts, as well as prosecutors that are classified as such shall be appointed and dismissed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 8. Local Self-Government
Article 130
1. Local self-government in the Russian Federation shall ensure the independent solution by the population of issues of local importance, of possession, use and disposal of municipal property.
2. Local self-government shall be exercised by citizens through a referendum, election, other forms of direct expression of the will of the people, through elected and other bodies of local self-government.
Article 131
1. Local government shall be realised in municipal formations whose types shall be provided for in a federal law. The territories of municipal formations shall be defined with account being taken of historical and other local traditions. The structure of local government bodies shall be defined by the population at their own discretion in accordance with the general principles for organising local government in the Russian Federation provided for in federal law*.
1.1. In the procedure and in the cases provided for in a federal law bodies of state authority may participate in the formation of local government bodies, the appointment and dismissal of local government officials*.
2. It is admissible to modify the boundaries of the territories within which local government takes place, with account being take of the opinion of the population of the relevant territories in the procedure provided for in federal law*.
3. Specifics of the implementation of public authority on the territories of the federally significant cities, the administrative centres (capitals) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as on other territories may be provided for in federal law*.
Article 132
1. Local government bodies shall manage municipal property at their own discretion, draw up, endorse and administer the local budget, introduce local taxes and fees, resolve other issues of local significance, and also ensure the availability of medical care within the scope of their competence in accordance with a federal law*.
2. A federal law, a law of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may vest certain state powers in local government bodies on the condition that the material and financial resources required for execution of such powers are provided to them. The execution of delegated powers is subject to control by the state*.
3. In the Russian Federation local government bodies and bodies of state authority are incorporated in the unified system of public authority, and they shall interact for the purposes of most effective fulfilment of tasks in the interests of the population residing on the relevant territory*.
Article 133
In the Russian Federation local government shall be guaranteed with the right to relief in court, to a compensation for the additional expenditures resulting from the performance of public functions by local government bodies in cooperation with bodies of state authority, and also with a ban on restriction of the rights of local government which are provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws*.
Chapter 9. Constitutional Amendments and Review of the Constitution
Article 134
Proposals on amendments and review of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be submitted by the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and also by groups numbering not less than one fifth of the number of the members of the Council of the Federation or of the deputies of the State Duma.
Article 135
1. Provisions of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may not be revised by the Federal Assembly.
2. If a proposal on the review of the provisions of Chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is supported by three fifths of the total number of the members of the Council of the Federation and the deputies of the State Duma, then according to federal constitutional law a Constitutional Assembly shall be convened.
3. The Constitutional Assembly shall either confirm the invariability of the Constitution of the Russian Federation or draft a new Constitution of the Russian Federation, which shall be adopted by the Constitutional Assembly by two thirds of the total number of its members or submitted to a referendum. In the case of a referendum the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be considered adopted, if over half of the voters who came to the polls supported it and under the condition that over half of the electorate participated in the referendum.
Article 136
Amendments to the provisions of Chapters 3-8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be adopted according to the rules fixed for adoption of federal constitutional laws and come into force after they are approved by the bodies of legislative power of not less than two thirds of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 137
1. Amendments to Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation determining the structure of the Russian Federation shall be introduced on the basis of the federal constitutional law on the admission to the Russian Federation and the creation of new constituent entities of the Russian Federation within it, on changes in the constitutional-legal status of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
2. If changes are made in the name of a republic, territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous area, the new name of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation shall be included in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Section Two
Concluding and Transitional Provisions
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide referendum.
The day of the nationwide referendum of December 12, 1993 shall be considered to be the day of adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Simultaneously the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, adopted on April 12, 1978 with all amendments and changes, shall become invalid.
In the case of non-compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Federal Treaty - the Treaty on the Division of Jurisdiction and Authority Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Sovereign Republics within the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Authority of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Territories, Regions, Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Authority of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Autonomous Region, and Autonomous Areas within the Russian Federation, and also other treaties concluded between the federal bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, treaties between the bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be applicable.
2. The laws and other legal acts acting in the territory of the Russian Federation before this Constitution comes into force shall be applied in that part which does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
3. The President of the Russian Federation, elected according to the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, from the moment this Constitution comes into force, shall carry out the powers fixed in it until the term of office for which he was elected expires.
4. The Council of Ministers (Government) of the Russian Federation from the moment when this Constitution comes into force shall acquire the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation fixed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and from then shall be called the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. The courts of the Russian Federation shall administer justice according to their powers fixed by this Constitution.
After the Constitution comes into force, the judges of all the courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers until the term they were elected for expires. Vacant positions shall be filled according to the rules fixed by this Constitution.
6. Until the adoption and coming into force of the federal law establishing the rules for considering cases by a jury court, the existing rules for court examination of corresponding cases shall be preserved.
Until the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation is brought into conformity with the provisions of this Constitution, the previous rules for arrest, detention and holding in custody of people suspected of committing crimes shall be preserved.
7. The Council of the Federation of the first convocation and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a period of two years.
8. The Council of the Federation shall meet in its first sitting on the thirtieth day after its election. The first sitting of the Council of the Federation shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation.
9. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may simultaneously be a member of the Government of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the present Constitution on the immunity of deputies in that part which concerns the actions (inaction) connected with fulfillment of office duties shall not extend to the deputies of the State Duma, members of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The deputies of the Council of the Federation of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-permanent basis.
* Provisions (Articles, Parts and Items) marked with sign <* > are reworded in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation on Amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 1-FKZ of March 14, 2020 on Improving the Regulation of Certain Issues of Organisation and Functioning of Public Authority. Amendments endorsed by the cited Law of the Russian Federation shall come into force on the date of the official publication of results of the Russian nation-wide voting on the issue of the approval of certain amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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*(1) The name of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation - the Donetsk People's Republic - is given in accordance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 5-FKZ of October 4, 2022 on the Admission of the Donetsk People's Republic to the Russian Federation and the Formation of a New Constituent Entity within the Russian Federation - the Donetsk People's Republic (Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru), 2022, October 5, No. 0001202210050005).
*(2) A new name of the Republic is given in compliance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 20 of January 9, 1996 on Including New Designations of the Entities of the Russian Federation into Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 1996, No. 3, item 152).
*(3) A new name of the Republic is given according to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 173 of February 10, 1996 on Including a New Denomination of an Entity of the Russian Federation in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 1996, No. 7, item 676).
*(4) The Republic of Crimea as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named in compliance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 6-FKZ of March 21, 2014 on the Admission to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment within the Composition of the Russian Federation of the New Constituent Entities - the Republic of Crimea and the City of Federal Importance Sevastopol (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2014, No. 12, item 1201).
*(5) The name of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation - the Lugansk People's Republic - is given in accordance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 6-FKZ of October 4, 2022 on the Admission of the Lugansk People's Republic to the Russian Federation and the Formation of a New Constituent Entity within the Russian Federation - the Lugansk People's Republic (Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru), 2022, October 5, No. 0001202210050006).
*(6) A new name of the Republic is given in compliance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 20 of January 9, 1996 on Including New Designations of the Entities of the Russian Federation into Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 1996, No. 3, item 152).
*(7) A new name of the Republic is given according to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 679 of June 9, 2001 on the Inclusion of a New Name of an Entity of the Russian Federation in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2001, No. 24, item 2421).
*(8) Transbaikal Territory as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named because of its establishment starting from March 1, 2008. The Chita Region and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Area shall be removed from part 1 of Article 65 of the Constitution as constituent entities of the Russian Federation in compliance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 5-FKZ of July 21, 2007 on Establishment of the Transbaikal Territory as a New Constituent Entity Within the Composition of the Russian Federation as a Result of Merger of the Chita Region and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Area (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2007, No. 30, item 3745).
*(9) Kamchatka Territory as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named because of its establishment starting from July 1, 2007. The Kamchatka Region and Koryak Autonomous Area shall be removed from part 1 of Article 65 of the Constitution as constituent entities of the Russian Federation in compliance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 2-FKZ of July 12, 2006 on Establishment of the Kamchatka Territory as a New Constituent Entity Within the Composition of the Russian Federation as a Result of Merger of the Kamchatka Region and Koryak Autonomous Area (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2006, No. 29, item 3119).
*(10) Krasnoyarsk Territory as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named because of its establishment starting from January 1, 2007. Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District and Evenki Autonomous District were removed from the first part of Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the grounds of Federal Constitutional Law No. 6-FKZ of October 14, 2005 on Establishment of a New Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation as a Result of Merger of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District and Evenki Autonomous District (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2005, No. 42, item 4212).
*(11) Perm Territory as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named because of its establishment starting from January 1, 2005. The Perm Region and Komi Permian Autonomous District were removed from the first part of Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the grounds of Federal Constitutional Law No. 1-FKZ of March 25, 2004 on Establishment of a New Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation as a Result of Merger of the Perm Region and Komi Permian Autonomous District (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2004, No. 13, item 1110).
*(12) The name of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation - Zaporozhye Region - is given in accordance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 7-FKZ of October 4, 2022 on the Admission of the Zaporozhye Region to the Russian Federation and the Formation of a New Constituent Entity within the Russian Federation - Zaporozhye Region (Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru), 2022, October 5, No. 0001202210050007).
*(13) Irkutsk Region as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation is named because of its establishment starting from January 1, 2008. Ust-Ordyn Buryat Autonomous District was removed from the first part of Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the grounds of Federal Constitutional Law No. 6-FKZ of December 30, 2006 on Establishment of a New Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation as a Result of Merger of the Irkutsk Region and Ust-Ordyn Buryat Autonomous District (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2007, No. 1, item 1).
*(14) The new name of the Region was given in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 130 of March 27, 2019 on the Inclusion of the New Name of the Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation into Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2019, No. 13, item 1390).
*(15) The name of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation - Kherson Region - is given in accordance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 8-FKZ of October 4, 2022 on the Admission of the Kherson Region to the Russian Federation and the Formation of a New Constituent Entity within the Russian Federation - the Kherson Region (Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru), 2022, October 5, No. 0001202210050008).
*(16) The federally significant city of Sevastopol is added as a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation in compliance with Federal Constitutional Law No. 6-FKZ of March 21, 2014 on the Admission to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment within the Composition of the Russian Federation of the New Constituent Entities - the Republic of Crimea and the Federally Significant City of Sevastopol (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2014, No. 12, item 1201).
*(17) A new name of the autonomous area is given in compliance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 841 of July 25, 2003 on the Inclusion of a New Name of an Entity of the Russian Federation in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiiskoy Federatsii, 2003, No. 30, item 3051).
*(18) Item (n) is reworded in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation No. 2-FKZ of February 5, 2014 on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Procurator's Office of the Russian Federation, which has entered into force on the day of its official publication, that is on February 6, 2014 (official legal information portal (www.pravo.gov.ru), February 6, 2014, No. 0001201402060001).
*(19) Article 83 is supplemented with item (f.2) in accordance with Law of the Russian Federation No. 11-FKZ of July 21, 2014 on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru), 2014, July 22, No. 0001201407220002).
*(20) Part 1 is reworded in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation on an Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 6-FKZ of December 30, 2008 on Changing the Term of Authority of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma, which has entered into force on the day of its official publication, that is on December 31, 2008 (newspaper "Rossiiskaya Gazeta", December 31, 2008). Shall be applied with respect to the composition of the State Duma elected after the entry into force of the said Law.
*(21) Item (c) is added to Part 1 and subsequent items are lettered in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation on an Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 7-FKZ of December 30, 2008 on the Control Authority of the State Duma with Respect to the Government of the Russian Federation (entered into force on the date of its official publication - on December 31, 2008 (newspaper "Rossiiskaya Gazeta", December 31, 2008).
*(22) Item (a) of part 1 is reworded in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation on an Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 7-FKZ of December 30, 2008 on the Control Authority of the State Duma with Respect to the Government of the Russian Federation which has enter into force on the day of its official publication, that is on December 31, 2008 (newspaper "Rossiiskaya Gazeta", December 31, 2008).
*(23) The title of Chapter 7 is reworded in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation No. 2-FKZ of February 5, 2014 on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Procurator's Office of the Russian Federation, which has entered into force on the day of its official publication, that is on February 6, 2014 (official legal information portal (www.pravo.gov.ru), February 6, 2014, No. 0001201402060001).
*(24) Article 127 is removed in compliance with Law of the Russian Federation No. 2-FKZ of February 5, 2014 on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Procurator's Office of the Russian Federation, which has entered into force on the day of its official publication, that is on February 6, 2014 (official legal information portal (www.pravo.gov.ru), February 6, 2014, No. 0001201402060001).